Bibliography 

Australian Biological Resources Study. 2002. Australian Biodiversity Information Facility: Australian Faunal Directory.

This is a searchable, online database of Australian fauna.  Go to www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/group.html and click on Myriapods. The millipede checklist was compiled in 2002 and has not been updated. 

Bailey, P.T. 1997. Decline of an invading millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti in South Australia: the need for a better understanding of the mechanism (Diplopoda, Julida: Julidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 51: 241-244.

Includes useful bibliography of Australian research on this invasive species. 

Black, D.G. 1997. Diversity and biogeography of Australian millipedes (Diplopoda). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56(2): 557-561.

For Tasmania, records the families Polyxenidae (Polyxenida), Sphaerotheriidae (Sphaerotheriida), Siphonotidae (Polyzoniida), Metopidiotrichidae and Peterjohnsiidae (Chordeumatida), Dalodesmidae, Haplodesmidae/Pyrgodesmidae and Paradoxosomatidae (Polydesmida) and Cambalidae and Iulomorphidae (Spirostreptida). 

Blower, J.G. 1985. Millipedes. Synopsis of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 35. London: E.J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys; 242 pp.

A superbly illustrated British guide for students and serious naturalists. Includes seven species introduced to Tasmania: Blaniulus guttulatus, Brachydesmus superus, Brachyiulus pusillus, Choneiulus palmatus, Cylindroiulus britannicus, C. latestriatus and Ophyiulus pilosus. 

Bonham, K.J., Mesibov, R. and Bashford, R. 2002. Diversity and abundance of ground-dwelling invertebrates in plantation vs. native forests in Tasmania, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 158: 237-247.

At least 35 millipede species were collected by Kevin Bonham at 92 sites in plantations and native forest in the Northwest. Mean number of specimens/site was about the same in plantations and native forest, but the native forest species total (34) was greater than the plantation species total (26). Some native millipede species were more abundant in plantations than in nearby native forest. 

Brolemann, H.W. 1913. The Myriapoda in the Australian Museum. Part ii. Diplopoda. Records of the Australian Museum 10(6): 77-158, pls. 14-18.

Includes first description of Amastigogonus tasmanianus from 'Tasmania'. According to curator Graham Milledge, the holotype in the Australian Museum (KS 37403) has no associated collection details. 

Chamberlin, R.V. 1920. The Myriopoda of the Australian region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 64(1): 1-269.

First descriptions of Atopodesmus parvus ('Tasmania'), Euethogonus hardyi ('Tasmania'), Lissodesmus modestus ('Russell Falls'), Notodesmus scotius ('Wedge Bay') and Tasmanodesmus hardyi ('Tasmania'). 

Eberhard, S.M., Richardson, A.M.M. and Swain, R. 1991. The Invertebrate Cave Fauna of Tasmania. Hobart: Zoology Department, University of Tasmania; 174 pp.

'Unfortunately, little can be said concerning cavernicolous millipedes, although they are a common element in some cave communities. They are widespread in Tasmanian caves, and both troglophilic and troglobitic, as well as accidental forms are represented.' (p. 71) See Mesibov (1998b). 

Enghoff, H., Dohle, W. and Blower, J.G. 1993. Anamorphosis in millipedes (Diplopoda) - the present state of knowledge with some developmental and phylogenetic considerations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 109: 103-234.

A magnificent review of postembryonic development in millipedes. 

Evans, J.W. 1943. Insect Pests and Their Control. Hobart: Department of Agriculture, Tasmania; 178 pp.

'Three kinds of millipedes occur commonly in gardens in Tasmania. These are the White Millipede (Blaniulus guttulatus Bosc.), the Flat Brown Millipede (Tasmanodesmus sp.) (Fig. 2), and a large black millipede. The first-named is an introduced pest; both of the others are native.' (p. 83) Fig. 2 is a drawing of what may be Tasmaniosoma armatum; the 'large black millipede' is likely to be Amastigogonus sp. 

Golovatch, S.I. 1986. The first Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) from Tasmania, with the description of a new genus and three new species. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik 113: 251-264.

First descriptions of Australeuma jeekeli and A. simile, which Golovatch puts in Neocambrisomatidae, and of Schedotrigona tasmanica, placed in Schedotrigonidae. 

Hoffman, R.L. 1972. On the identity of three genera of cambaloid millipeds from the Australian region (Spirostreptida). Psyche (Cambridge) 79: 200-208.

Makes Amastigogonus nichollsii Verhoeff, 1944 a junior synonym of Euethogonus hardyi Chamberlin, 1920 and places the latter species in Amastigogonus. 

Hopkin, S.P. and Read, H.J. 1992. The Biology of Millipedes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 233 pp.

Excellent, well-written overview of millipede biology. 

Huth, A. 2000. Defensive secretions of millipedes: more than just a product of melting point decrease? Pp. 191-200 in Wytwer, J. & Golovatch, S. (eds) Progress in Studies on Myriapoda and Onychophora. Fragmenta Faunistica (Warsaw) 43(Supplement 2000): i-xiii, 1-395.

'Almost everyone collecting millipedes belonging to the orders Spirostreptida, Spirobolida, and Julida is familiar with the irritant secretions these diplopods emit ... when disturbed. These noxious exudates do not only have a characteristic odour and colour, but are able to stain fingers purple for days due to the tanning action of the 1,4-benzoquinones (BQ's) they contain.' (p. 191) In this paper Huth describes the quinone arsenals of some European julids. 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1979. Notes on the classification of some little-known Australian paradoxosomatid genera (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Journal of Natural History 13: 649-658.

Includes redescription of Notodesmus scotius Chamberlin, 1920. 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1981. Australia Expedition 1980; legit C.A.W. Jeekel and A.M. Jeekel-Rijvers. List of collecting stations, together with general notes on the distribution of millipedes in eastern Australia and Tasmania. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens, Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum), Universiteit van Amsterdam 30: 1-59.

An overview of the eastern Australian millipede fauna, as well as a collecting report. Dr Jeekel and his wife collected at 15 sites in Tasmania from 22 to 28 November 1980. 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1982a. Millipedes from Australia, 2: Antichiropodini from Victoria (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam 8(24): 201-212.

'Pogonosternum apparently is the dominant antichiropodine genus in Victoria; it is not confined to that state, since it has a representative in northwestern Tasmania (unpublished record).' (p. 202) 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1982b. Millipedes from Australia, 4: A new genus and species of the family Dalodesmidae from Australia (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam 9(2): 9-15.

First description of Gasterogramma psi. 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1984. Millipedes from Australia, 7: The identity of the genus Lissodesmus Chamberlin, with the description of four new species from Tasmania (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Dalodesmidae). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 118: 85-101.

Redescription of Lissodesmus modestus Chamberlin, 1920, first descriptions of L. adrianae, L. alisonae, L. margaretae and L. perporosus. Includes discussion of taxonomic placement of Asphalidesmus and Atopodesmus. 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1985. Millipedes from Australia, 5: Australiosomatini from South Australia, with a note on the status of Polydesmus innotatus Karsch, and first record of a Mediterranean julid in Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae and Julida, Julidae). Records of the South Australian Museum 19: 19-37.

'Somethus has two species in Tasmania and one in eastern Victoria.' (p. 35) 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 1986. Millipedes from Australia, 10: Three interesting new species and a new genus (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida, Spirobolida, Polydesmida). Beaufortia 36(3): 35-50.

Includes valuable revision of Australian Sphaerotheriidae. 

Jeekel, C.A.W. 2006. Millipedes from Australia, 18: Tasmanian Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)(Genera Somethus Chamb., Notodesmus Chamb. and Aethalosoma nov.). Myriapod Memoranda 18: 75-89.

First descriptions of Aethalosoma solum, Somethus mesibovi and S. tasmani, and redescription of Notodesmus scotius. 

Mauriès, J.-P., Golovatch, S.I. and Hoffman, R.L. 2001. On type material and the identity of several Iulus species in the collection of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirobolia). Zoosystema 23(3): 579-589.

Includes redescription of Iulus verreauxii Gervais, 1847 from Mt Wellington, here assigned to Amastigogonus. 

Mesibov, R. 1992. Terrestrial invertebrates. Pp. 29-312 in Harries, D.N. (ed.). Forgotten Wilderness: North West Tasmania. Hobart: Tasmanian Conservation Trust; 378 pp.

Lists a number of unnamed millipedes including the new Pedder River species, now Lissodesmus orarius. 

Mesibov, R. 1993a. Litter Invertebrates in the Coastal Zone of the Arthur-Pieman Area, Northwest Tasmania. Unpublished report to the Tasmanian Conservation Trust dated August 1993; 23 pp.

Includes distribution map for the Pedder River species of Mesibov (1992), here called Lissodesmus sp. NW4 (now Lissodesmus orarius). Also includes the first Tasmanian record of Cylindroiulus latestriatus. 

Mesibov, R. 1993b. Species-Level Comparison of Litter Invertebrates from Three Vegetation Types in Northwest Tasmania. Tasmanian NRCP Technical Report No. 13. Hobart: Forestry Commission, Tasmania, and Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra; 35 pp.

Mostly records unnamed millipedes, but shows habitat preferences for some species; here, e.g., Australeuma simile prefers closed rainforest. (Interestingly, the same species in Southwest Tasmania seems to be more abundant in buttongrass moorland than in rainforest (D. Driscoll, unpublished results).) 

Mesibov, R. 1994. Faunal breaks in Tasmania and their significance for invertebrate conservation. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 36(1): 133-136.

Defines Plomley's Island and the East Tamar and Goulds Country Breaks, in part with reference to millipede distributions. 

Mesibov, R. 1996. Invertebrate Bioregions in Tasmania. Report to Tasmanian RFA Environment and Heritage Technical Committee. [online as www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/tas/raa/other/invert/index.html]

Uses millipede and other distributions as evidence for faunal breaks. 

Mesibov, R. 1997a. A zoogeographical singularity at Weavers Creek, Tasmania. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56(2): 563-573.

Detailed mapping of a section of the East Tamar Break. Includes distribution maps for Lissodesmus adrianae, L. alisonae, L. spp. E1, NE1 and NE3, Tasmanodesmus hardyi and two unnamed Polydesmida. 

Mesibov, R. 1997b. Contractor's Report: Land Snails, Landhoppers, Millipedes and Carabid Beetles in Mature and Regrowth Forest Near Tahune Bridge. Unpublished report for Forestry Tasmania, July 1997; 13 pp.

Old-growth and ca. 25 year-old silvicultural regrowth sites in the Southern Forests were sampled with equal search effort. Most of the millipede species collected were abundant in regrowth. 

Mesibov, R. 1998a. Species-level comparison of litter invertebrates at two rainforest sites in Tasmania. Tasforests 10: 141-157.

Mainly records unnamed millipedes from 'matched' rainforest sites ca. 200 km apart. Of 18 species collected, only one was found at both sites. 

Mesibov, R. 1998b. Progress Report on QVMAG Cave Millipedes - September 1998. Unpublished QVMAG report; 13 pp.

Lists more than 30 millipede species (mostly unnamed) collected by Stefan Eberhard in his Tasmania-wide cave survey (Eberhard et al. 1991). Brief discussion of cave adaptations, illustrations of troglobitic forms. 

Mesibov, R. 1999. The Mersey Break: an unexplained faunal boundary on the north coast of Tasmania. Pp. 246-252 in Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (eds) The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Mosman (NSW): Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales; 454 pp.

Defines this faunal break with 11 millipede distributions (mapped): Tasmaniosoma armatum, Tasmaniosoma sp. 2, dalodesmid genus A spp. 1 and 4, dalodesmid genus C spp. 1 and 2, dalodesmid genus D spp. 1 and 2, paradoxosomatid n.sp. and siphonotids 'SipIns' and 'SipSex' . Distribution maps are also given for Lissodesmus alisonae and siphonotid 'HetAus'. 

Mesibov, R. 2000. An overview of the Tasmanian millipede fauna. The Tasmanian Naturalist 122: 15-28.

Now taxonomically out of date. 

Mesibov, R. 2001. The Milabena Marvel, or why single-species conservation is inappropriate for cryptic invertebrates. The Tasmanian Naturalist 123: 16-23.

Conserving an elusive polyxenidan, here tentatively identified as Propolyxenus forsteri. 

Mesibov, R. 2002. Redescriptions of Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 and A. parvus (Chamberlin, 1920) comb. nov. from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 59(2): 531-540.

Makes Atopodesmus a synonym of Asphalidesmus. Includes distribution maps. 

Mesibov, R. 2003a. Lineage mosaics in millipedes. African Invertebrates 44(1): 203-212.

General discussion with Tasmanian examples. 

Mesibov, R. 2003b. The millipede genus Gasterogramma (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) in Tasmania, Australia, with descriptions of seven new species. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60(2): 207-219.

First descriptions of G. austrinum, G. extremum, G. imber, G. plomleyi, G. rusticum, G. tarkinense and G. wynyardense. Includes distribution and other details for these seven and G. psi Jeekel, 1982. 

Mesibov, R. 2003c. A new genus of Tasmanian millipedes (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Dalodesmidae) with unusual spiracles and a mosaic distribution. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 60(2): 197-206.

Makes Lissodesmus margaretae Jeekel, 1984 the type species of the new genus Dasystigma. First descriptions of D. bonhami, D. huonense and D. tyleri. Includes distribution and other details for all four species. 

Mesibov, R. 2003d. Two new and unusual genera of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) from Tasmania, Australia. Zootaxa 368: 1-32.

First descriptions of Paredrodesmus aceriodendron, P. australis, P. bicalcar, P. monticolus, P. purpureus and P. taurulus (type species). First descriptions of Procophorella bashfordi and P. innupta (type species). Includes distribution and other details. 

Mesibov, R. 2004a. A new genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia with a mosaic distribution. Zootaxa 480: 1-23.

First descriptions of Atrophotergum bonhami, A. montanum, A. pastorale, A. silvaticum (type species), A. sodalis and A. wurrawurraense. Includes distribution and other details. 

Mesibov, R. 2004b. A new genus and four new species of millipedes from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae), with notes on male leg setae in some Tasmanian dalodesmids. Zootaxa 558: 1-19.

First descriptions of Bromodesmus catrionae (type species), B. militaris, B. riparius and B. rufus. Includes distribution and other details. 

Mesibov, R. 2004c. Redescription of Tasmanodesmus hardyi Chamberlin, 1920 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae). Myriapodologica 8(3): 21-36.

Includes distribution and other details. 

Mesibov, R. 2005a. Native species dominate the millipede fauna in a second-rotation Pinus radiata plantation in Tasmania, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 11:17-22.

Documents the millipede fauna in Stoodley Plantation, between Railton and Sheffield. 

Mesibov, R. 2005b. A new genus of burrowing and cave-dwelling millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia. Zootaxa 1034: 21-42.

First descriptions of Atalopharetra johnsi (type species), A. bashfordi, A. clarkei and A. eberhardi. Includes distribution and other details. 

Mesibov, R. 2005c. A new genus of millipede (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) with a pseudo-articulated gonopod telopodite. Zootaxa 1064: 39-49.

First descriptions of Ginglymodesmus tasmanianus (type species), G. penelopae and G. sumac. Includes distribution and other details. 

Mesibov, R. 2006a. The millipede genus Lissodesmus Chamberlin, 1920 (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania and Victoria, with descriptions of a new genus and 24 new species. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62(2): 103-146.

First descriptions of L. anas, L. bashfordi, L. clivulus, L. cognatus, L. cornutus, L. devexus, L. hamatus, L. horridomontis, L. inopinatus, L. latus, L. montanus, L. orarius, L. peninsulenis, L. plomleyi and Tasmanopeltis grandis. Includes distribution and other details for all species. 

Mesibov, R. and Churchill, T.B. 2003. Patterns in pitfall captures of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) at coastal heathland sites in Tasmania. Australian Zoologist 32(3): 431-438.

Documents overwhelming dominance of paradoxosomatids in far northeastern heathlands, gives seasonal trapping results for Notodesmus scotius and Pogonosternum sp. 

Mesibov, R., Bonham, K.J., Doran, N., Meggs, J., Munks, S., Otley, H. and Richards, K. 2002. Single-species sampling in Tasmania: an inefficient approach to invertebrate conservation? Invertebrate Systematics 16: 655-663.

Includes documentation of fine-scale mapping of Lissodesmus alisonae. 

Mesibov, R., Taylor, R.J. and Brereton, R. N. 1995. Relative efficiency of pitfall trapping and hand-collecting from plots for sampling of millipedes. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 429-439.

'Millipedes were sampled by hand-collecting from plots and by pitfall trapping at three forest sites in central Tasmania. Seven days of pitfall trapping each month over one year was less efficient than four weeks of hand-collecting in autumn, yielding fewer species and fewer specimens per working day in the field. Hand-collecting is likely to provide more accurate data on species diversity and relative abundance of a range of litter invertebrates.' [Abstract, p. 429] 

Shear, W.A. and Mesibov, R. 1994. Australian chordeumatidan millipeds. I. New observations on the genus Peterjohnsia Mauriès, with the description of a new species from Tasmania (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Peterjohnsiidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 535-544.

First description of Peterjohnsia titan. 

Shear, W.A. and Mesibov, R. 1995. Australian chordeumatidan millipeds. II. A new species of Reginaterreuma Mauriès from Tasmania (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Metopidiotrichidae). Myriapodologica 3(8): 71-77.

First description of Reginaterreuma tarkinensis. 

Shear, W.A. and Mesibov, R. 1997. Australian chordeumatidan millipedes. III. A review of the millipede family Metopidiotrichidae Attems in Australia (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida). Invertebrate Taxonomy 11: 141-178.

First descriptions of Australeuma golovatchi and A. mauriesi; Neocambrisoma cachinnus and N. fieldensis; Nesiothrix mangana and N. medialis. Schedotrigona tasmanica transferred to Nesiothrix. Includes distribution maps for the 11 named Tasmanian Chordeumatida. 

Shelley, R.M. and Lehtinen, P.T. 1998. Introduced millipeds of the family Paradoxosomatidae on Pacific Islands (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Arthropoda Selecta 7(2): 81-94.

Includes redescriptions and illustrations of Akamptogonus novarae, Oxidus gracilis, Asiomorpha coarctata and other widely introduced paradoxosomatids. 

Short, M. & Huynh, C. 2006. Redescription of Phryssonotus novaehollandiae (Silvestri, 1923) with details of post-embryonic stadia. Norwegian Journal of Entomology 53: 211-222.

Published before P. novaehollandiae was found in Tasmania. 

Silvestri, F. 1910. Descrizioni preliminari di nuovi generi di Diplopodi. I. Polydesmoidea. Zoologischer Anzeiger 35: 357-364.

Includes first description of Asphalidesmus leae. 

Silvestri, F. 1917. Materiali per una revisione dei Diplopoda Oniscomorpha. II. Specie di Sphaeroteriidae delle regioni australiana e neozelandese a me note. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scoula Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 12: 61-85.

Includes first descriptions of Procyliosoma leae and P. tasmanicum. 

Taylor, R., Mesibov, R., Brereton, R. and Bonham, K. 1997. Terrestrial fauna of Cataract Gorge Reserve, Launceston. The Tasmanian Naturalist 119: 46-58.

Records of the introduced species Brachydesmus superus, Cylindroiulus latestriatus, Ommatoiulus moreleti and Ophyiulus pilosus. 

Verhoeff, K.W. 1936. Die Sphaerotrichopidae der südlichen Halbkugel und ihre Beziehungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 114(1/2): 1-14.

Includes first description of Tasmaniosoma armatum. 

Verhoeff, K.W. 1944. Zur Kenntnis der Cambaliden und über einige neue australische Formen derselben. Zoologischer Anzeiger 145: 27-45.

Includes first descriptions of Amastigogonus fossuliger and A. nichollsii.